The potential for an economic downturn has not dampened rental housing industry executives’ spirit or outlook.
The rental housing industry has gracefully adapted and evolved during the current economic climate and global atmosphere. Nearly three years ago, the world came to a halt, causing many, not just multifamily businesses and professionals, to re-imagine their lives through a different lens. This wave of change has affected the rental housing industry tremendously, ranging from supply and demand implications to technology implementation to workforce shortages.
Some of the impacts seen on the industry have caused owners, management companies, developers and others to quickly find solutions to continue providing quality customer service and care to residents.
With these challenges comes solutions—some have gone away while others have stayed—like self-guided touring, online rent payments, other new technologies, purpose-built home offices for the growing number of work-from-home residents and new portfolio diversification.
Here’s what rental housing industry professionals are looking forward to this year, and what they wish they knew last year.
There have been many challenges during the past three years, but depending on who’s asked, each hindrance can differ—as can each solution. Several of the overarching issues facing the rental housing industry are well-documented, such as staffing shortages, interest rate increases and inflation. Other potential setbacks in 2023 include rising insurance rates, an increase in taxes as well as legislation that can influence operations, e.g., rent control.
“We are still seeing challenges in the workforce,” says Lance Goss, Senior Vice President, HHHunt Apartment Living. “Low unemployment coupled with all of the new multifamily communities coming online has created a tight job pool. We are also seeing regular increases in goods and services driving our expenses up, and we are seeing rent rates cool from previous years. All of this will create challenges for the multifamily industry.”
Inflation and Costs
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported the Consumer Price Index increased 0.4% in October 2022 from the previous month, putting inflation at 7.7% year-over-year.
Costs are not only up for consumers, businesses and the rental housing industry have witnessed cost increases as well. One of the most simple strategies for easing cost increases is to do what consumers do: Shop around.
“We do multiple bids for services to try and lower costs,” says Bonnie Smetzer, CPM, HCCP, Executive Vice President with Asset Living. “We still prefer to use our great supplier relationships but have found it helpful to take competitive bids and use that to negotiate our current services where we are satisfied.”
Curt Knabe, CFO, Realty Center Management, Inc. says, “We continue to shop for the best deals, and we really rely on our supplier partners to assist us. At the end of the day though, we are just trying to make super-smart purchasing decisions.”
Some companies have even had to alter their operations to keep pace.
“We started a major supply chain initiative that we continue to grow where we are pooling our project component buys like appliances, windows, HVAC, cabinets, etc. and sourcing them more directly using an online application for procurement vs. the traditional supplier distributor model,” says Alliance Residential President/COO Jay Hiemenz. “Not only have we demonstrated savings, but we’ve also increased our probability of procuring materials on a timely basis by securing these preferred relationships and tying the tech into our project scheduling software.”
Peter DiCorpo, Co-Founder and COO, Brook Farm Group, says, “We are underwriting our developments to factor in the current economic environment. This means accounting for higher annual operating expense increases and trying to determine which deals really make sense today. We are also letting some deals fall to the wayside to focus on the ones that have a higher potential for success.”
Ronda Puryear, President, Management Services Corporation and 2023 National Apartment Association Chair of the Board, has witnessed rising costs in services, equipment and payroll, among other items on the operations side. “In the development area, everyone has experienced the soaring price of multifamily real estate, pricing many companies out of the market,” she says.
The cost of land has been a major factor in rental housing, some companies facing prices that have doubled.
“In Florida, where we have a robust development pipeline, construction costs have increased 50% over the last three years and land prices for new apartments have more than doubled in the same time frame,” says Smetzer. “I wish I had known apartment land prices would double. I would have purchased apartment land!”
Making the decision on where to upgrade communities is also top of mind with increased costs. At Luma Residential, President Ian Mattingly says they are spending money wisely and making those difficult decisions. “As a percentage, we have seen the biggest cost increases in appliances and hardware, with lumber and other building materials not far behind. As a result, we are doing fewer appliance upgrades and focusing more on countertops and other value adds in our renovations. Overall, we’re trying to balance the rent premiums we can get with the new cost inputs related to unit upgrades.”
Workforce
Many in the industry have been affected by some sort of shortage in labor, whether at their own firm or with business partners. Mattingly says that while LUMA Residential is feeling the impact of operating with 7% to 10% fewer staff members compared to the pre-pandemic levels (on par with industry experience), their maintenance employees have half the average tenure than before the pandemic.
“Finding maintenance technicians in our industry is so difficult, and so important to what we do every day,” says Don Brunner, President and CEO of BRG Realty Group, and Immediate Past Chair of NAA’s Board. “Satisfaction of our residents is tied to the service provided, so finding those technicians is so key.”
The search for quality employees has led to changes in hiring, including offering remote or hybrid work and increasing starting pay.
“There was a point in 2022 where we had more job openings than we have ever had as a company,” says Knabe. “We are trying to compete with everyone else in finding good people. Pay rates have increased, employee referral bonuses, starting bonuses, anything we can do to compete we are trying.”
Puryear says this isn’t a new trend but picked up during the pandemic. “Employee decisions to stay at home, relocate closer to family, try a new field or retire early, all decisions greatly impacted our labor pool in various positions” she says. “The most impacted area has been that of skilled and entry-level maintenance employees; a trend that started even before the pandemic.” Solutions from Puryear include increased salaries and annual bonuses as well as different recruitment tactics.
“We are handling [staffing issues] by regularly reviewing and adding to our benefits for team members,” says Jamin Harkness, President, The Life Properties. “Our starting pay has certainly gone up and we provide monthly bonuses for goal achievements, keeping team members engaged and striving for their goal regularly with a monthly bonus payout rather than for a quarterly bonus.”
John Foresi, CEO of Venterra Realty, has dealt with employment candidates “ghosting” the company—not communicating or showing up for an interview—yet they have remained fully staffed. “A key element of that success has been adjusting our pay levels, getting our research and analytics teams involved with HR to make sure that we are competitive in the marketplace… Recognizing the cost-of-living challenges that everyone has faced this year, we implemented a one-time, additional bonus across the organization this summer, which had a measurable, positive impact on employee retention and job satisfaction.”
Construction
Multifamily starts declined 4% in October, according to Dodge Data & Analytics. Despite the drop, multifamily starts are ahead of single-family starts 26% to 10%, respectively, during the first 10 months of 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.
Meanwhile, the National Association of Home Builders reports a decline in multifamily developer confidence during the third quarter as both its
indices—the Multifamily Production Index, which measures the construction of affordable housing units, market-rate apartments and for-sale condominiums, and the Multifamily Occupancy Index—declined substantially to levels not seen since the Great Recession, excluding the initial onset of the pandemic.
One way DiCorpo and Brook Farm Group are combatting construction cost increases or materials issues is with advanced purchasing. “One of the benefits to the development pipeline slowing is that it will help bring down some of those costs,” he says. “We’re trying to mitigate this issue by meeting with general contractors well in advance and getting them involved early in the process. We’re also buying products earlier in the development cycle and having them stored nearby so we can lock-in the costs and manage the variability.”
Brunner says similar buildings only a couple of blocks away are now costing 20% to 30% more than they did just one year ago. “The supply of product is available, but the cost of the manpower to put those new communities together has increased from site development work to utilities to finding the cost of the products going up—everything is more expensive.”
Smetzer is “seeing a pullback on rents in some markets along with increasing interest rates. Lenders are now requiring more equity than in previous years. We are finding it hard to make deals work and worry these factors will impact the ability to continue to develop new apartments in 2023 and beyond.”
Rent Growth
Rent growth continued to subside during the latter half of 2022. The December 2022 Apartment List National Rent Report shows the national index declined 1% during November, which is the third straight month-to-month decline. The 1% dip was also the largest monthly decrease in the national index since the firm began the index, dating to 2017.
Despite the record monthly decline, rents are still up 4.6% year-over-year. However, that’s a far cry from the record-setting mark of a 17.6% increase in 2021. A decline in the final quarter of the year is not unusual as it follows seasonality, even dating prior to the pandemic.
Many believe, while rents will remain somewhat elevated, rent growth will be subdued slightly in 2023.
“After robust rent increases in 2021 and most of 2022, we started seeing a pullback in rent increases and are starting to see concessions in markets again,” says Smetzer. She adds that Florida markets have witnessed exponential rent growth during the pandemic, and “we are forecasting 6% increases in Florida for 2023 and more conservative increases in other state markets.”
According to Foresi, “There is already evidence in broader wage data that income growth is starting to return to a more trend-like pace. While we don’t expect things to go backward, by late 2022/early 2023, we would expect to see rent growth much closer to historic norms, consistent with moderating renter incomes.”
Harkness also says rent growth will return to lower single-digits, around 5% to 6%. “The past two years have been an anomaly, and we cannot count on that history to repeat.”
And with a potential recession on the horizon, rent growth will likely be subdued from the historic growth during the past couple of years. “We believe, as most economists do, that a recession will likely cause rents to either flatten or increase only moderately,” says Hiemenz. “We’re not projecting net effective rents to fall, but that depends on the overall economic picture, job losses, etc.”
While vacancy is more than a percentage point and a half higher now than the low seen last fall, it’s still lower than pre-pandemic levels. Vacancy hit 5.7% compared to the 4.1% in October 2021, according to Apartment List.
“Our industry has been on a great ride the past few years in terms of occupancy and rent increases, but I think that is going to start changing,” says Knabe. “As a matter of fact, I have already seen the decrease start in certain markets. People are starting to cut costs, and job layoffs have started as well.” He says this will affect occupancy, which he predicted would slip from the high 90s to the low 90s or lower “if the economic turmoil is worse than forecasted.”
Technology
Technologies ebb and flow—think cassette tapes to CDs to streaming services or Myspace to Facebook—with the times, which is exactly what the entire industry has done during the pandemic but not entirely as a result of the pandemic.
Some tech and other items like self-guided tours were around before COVID-19, but it was the pandemic that acted as a catalyst for many to implement this potentially new style of leasing opportunity for prospective residents. Smetzer says they implemented self-guided tours during the pandemic, but they have started to fade, yet virtual tours continue to be popular.
Knabe also says they adopted self-guided tours, but they are all but eliminated. “I do feel that the human touch has taken over in the leasing world.… There seems to be a lot of technology really driving toward that space.… One of the technologies that has caught my eye is in the area of fraud prevention. Our site teams continue to see fake IDs, fake paystubs, etc., but there has been a lot of new technology to assist the sites in preventing that type of fraud.”
Amy Weissberger, Senior Vice President of Corporate Strategy with Morgan Properties, has also found technology useful when detecting fraud. “Identity verification and income verification products also moved to the forefront during the pandemic, as fraudulent employment documents seemed to increase,” she says. “The technology to check identification documents and income is continuing to improve and becoming an important added tool to have as part of the application screening process.”
Companies are also becoming more efficient because of these new technologies or new developments in technology. Weissberger says customer relationship management (CRM) software has helped onsite staff as well as user experience, “improving the journey for our applicants and residents.”
The Life Properties rolled out self-guided tours as well, but as the pandemic eased, their use declined. CRM use has given a “level of transparency that helps us make decisions quickly,” Harkness says. Prior to CRM software, they would have to manually follow-up and track advertising performance.
Venterra partnered with a smart home automation provider to “implement a high quality, personal, contact-free apartment tour experience,” Foresi says. “Post-COVID, this remains to be a benefit to our customers, as they are able to easily arrive at a community, scan a QR code, select the apartment type they want to tour and take the tour independent of the office staff should they choose.”
Hiemenz also says COVID technology will stay to some degree, allowing residents to take advantage of work-from-home opportunities—a major driver in some of the changes witnessed in multifamily. “We also believe that the remote work/work from home, although not an absolute necessity as it was during COVID, still has a permanent place for the U.S. workforce, and thus our properties have to be fully implemented with appropriate connectivity allowing work at home productivity.”
Legislation and Regulation
“Providing housing is more important now than ever before, but I am also concerned about increased regulation, which adds costs to operations at a time when costs have been rapidly increasing,” says Smetzer, who is also worried if the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development decides to remove the ability to perform criminal screenings. Rental housing providers and management firms do their best to protect residents, so removing one of those protections could impact operations.
“Increased regulation continues to slow the development pipeline and adds to increased cost of development and operating expenses,” says Smetzer, who forecasts this will continue in 2023. “We are fighting rent control in some markets that will negatively impact operations and the ability to finance new construction.”
Harkness sees promise in the Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) Program, a more than $42 billion internet for all program, “which will enable the provision of high-speed internet to low-income households on a state-by-state basis via targeted investments in critical infrastructure and key communities,” says Harkness. “While the mechanics of each state’s particular administration are still somewhat opaque, we are extremely optimistic about the benefits of this program for our residents.”
He adds: “The government has proven that it is very supportive of mission-driven affordable housing, which is consistent with our asset acquisition strategy. We hope to continue to see bipartisan support of more initiatives that incentivize the creation and preservation of affordable housing.”
Mattingly sees much of the same going forward into 2023 surrounding government regulation and legislation. This includes wrestling with rent control, the Housing Choice Voucher Program (Section 8) and free legal counsel for renters. “All of these often-well-
intended policies have various unintended consequences that ultimately serve to add to the already enormous government-imposed costs associated with providing rental housing.”
Looking Ahead
Some companies have been able to weather the pandemic better than others, allowing for new business opportunities, such has entering a new market or sector or establishing a new business model.
Smetzer says they started a build-to-rent division in 2021 and have seen robust growth as has Asset Living’s new construction/lease-up portfolio.
One positive Weissberger mentions is the growth of environmental, social and governance (ESG) programs. “There are several new product offerings and services that came to market over the last two years, and they are being embraced by owners, employees and residents. By having a focus on ESG, company cultures will continue to get better, and our communities will become an even better place for our residents to call home.”
Despite some of the potential headwinds in 2023, there is much to be excited for in the rental housing industry, this includes business expansion.
Goss says HHHunt Apartment Living purchased five new communities, four in new markets in the October/November time frame. “This has been an exciting process for us as acquisitions are somewhat new to our organization. It has been the fun challenge onboarding/training new people, creating new budgets, at the same time as we go through our normal budget process.” History can repeat itself, but it is also one of the best ways to learn for the future. Harkness says his experiences during the Great Recession nearly 15 years ago—cutting rents and expenses—taught him how
to run a company with a lighter staff.
Since that time, the economy had mostly improved until the pandemic and a potential recession this year, with advancements in technologies and other new factors. He says their tech stack continues to grow yearly with the tendency to cut back when there are higher interest rates, but he asks, “Moving forward, could we pivot—as we mastered during COVID—to leverage technology and increase the impact of each team member?”
Weissberger did not realize how easy it would be to work from home and connect with co-workers. In turn, residents were also working more from home and will continue to do so. She says they needed to find ways to offer certain products and services to keep residents engaged and wanting to live in the communities.
“As part of the innovation team in our organization, we specifically look for new products that set us apart from the property next door and enhance residents’ everyday living experiences.”
Michael Miller is Managing Editor for NAA.